Gas laws, entropy, heat engines, molecular kinetics, and thermal radiation. Real-time molecular dynamics with adjustable temperature, pressure, and volume.
Watch gas molecules bounce inside a container and derive PV = nRT from first principles. Adjust temperature to change particle speed, compress volume to see pressure rise, and add molecules to increase density. Real-time collision counting gives live pressure readout.
Compare conduction, convection, and radiation across different materials. Adjust thermal conductivity, surface area, and temperature gradient. Watch Fourier law in action with real-time temperature profile mapping and heat flux vectors.
Build the ideal reversible heat engine with four stages: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression. Adjust hot and cold reservoir temperatures to see efficiency η = 1 − Tc/Th update on the PV diagram.
Explore entropy as a measure of disorder using particle mixing and energy spreading models. Watch irreversible processes drive entropy increase, calculate ΔS for phase changes, and verify that spontaneous processes always increase total entropy.
Heat a substance through solid, liquid, and gas phases while tracking temperature plateaus at melting and boiling points. Adjust latent heat of fusion and vaporization, observe specific heat capacity differences, and map the heating curve in real-time.
Model linear, area, and volumetric expansion of solids and liquids as temperature changes. Apply to real engineering problems: bridge gaps, bimetallic strips, and liquid-in-glass thermometers. Coefficient α varies by material selection.
Visualize Planck's law spectral curves as temperature changes. Watch Wien's displacement law shift peak wavelength, verify Stefan-Boltzmann total power scaling as T⁴, and compare classical Rayleigh-Jeans divergence with quantum prediction.
Mix hot and cold substances in insulated vessels to determine specific heat capacity. Support coffee-cup and bomb calorimeter modes. Track heat exchange Q = mcΔT, verify energy conservation, and identify unknown metals from their c values.
Plot the probability distribution of molecular speeds for a gas at different temperatures. Compare most probable, average, and RMS speeds. Watch the distribution flatten and shift right as T increases, and calculate fraction above escape velocity.
Reverse the heat engine to pump heat from cold to hot. Model compressor, condenser, throttle, and evaporator stages. Adjust refrigerant properties and see coefficient of performance COP = Qc/W update in real-time on the pressure-enthalpy diagram.